Evaluation of topography, slopes, illumination and surface roughness of landing sites near the lunar south pole using laser altimetry from the lunar reconnaissance orbiter

Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Auswertung aktueller, wissenschaftlicher Messungen des Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO), einer Mondsonde der National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Seit Juni 2009 vermisst LRO die Mondoberfläche kontinuierlich und in höchster Präzision. Diese Messungen, speziell die des LRO Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter (LOLA), sind in dieser Arbeit detailliert untersucht und ausgewertet worden, aber auch Bilddaten der LRO Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera (LROC), genauer der Narrow Angle Camera (NAC), wurden in die Auswertung mit einbezogen. Digitale Geländemodelle, die aus Laserdaten gerechnet wurden, weisen typischerweise Artefakte auf, die neben Ausreißern eindeutig auf Lageungenauigkeiten zwischen Laserspuren zurückzuführen sind. Dominant sind diese Artefakte insbesondere bei hoch aufgelösten Geländemodellen. Zur Beseitigung von relativen Lageungenauigkeiten zwischen einzelnen Laserspuren ist in dieser Arbeit ein Algortihmus zur Co-Registrierung entwickelt worden. Dazu wird ein NAC Geländemodell mit allen LOLA Laserspuren, die das Gebiet kreuzen co-registriert, was zu individuellen Translationsparametern für jede einzelne Laserspur führt. Standardabweichungen der Höhenresiduen zwischen NAC und LOLA nach der Co-Registrierung von bis ~20 cm werden dabei erreicht. Auf Grundlage des resultierenden, ausgeglichenen Geländemodells werden sekundäre Datenprodukte wie Hangneigungs- und Rauhigkeitskarten erstellt. Zwei unterschiedliche Methoden zur Ableitung von Rauhigkeitskarten aus Laserdaten werden vorgestellt, wobei eine Methode sich auf Standardabweichungen von Regressionsebenen und die andere sich auf die Analyse von Laserpulsbreiten stützt. Während die erste Methode zuverlässige Werte auf globaler sowie lokaler Ebene liefert, zeigt letztere Methode verwertbare Ergebnisse auf globaler Ebene wobei die Ergebnisse auf lokalen, hoch aufgelösten Gebieten sorgfältiger analysiert werden müssen. Das ist auf zahlreiche Faktoren, wie Rauschen und thermaler Einfluss, zurückzuführen, die in dieser Arbeit angesprochen werden, jedoch nicht abschließend behandelt werden konnten. Eine detaillierte Beschreibung der Beleuchtungsverhältnisse des lunaren Südpols mit besonderer Betrachtung dreier potentieller Landeplätze, wird vorgestellt. Zwei dieser Landeplätze befinden sich auf dem Rand des Shackleton-Kraters und eine weitere auf einer Hügelkette, die den de Gerlache-Krater und den Shackleton-Krater verbindet, im weiteren Connecting Ridge genannt. Beleuchtungsverhältnisse wurden auf Bodenniveau aber auch 2 m und 10 m über der Mondoberfläche gerechnet und werden über einen Zeitraum von 1 Jahr sowie 19 Jahre untersucht. Der Zeitraum von 19 Jahren wurde untersucht, um den lunaren Präzessionszyklus von 18.6 Jahren abzudecken. Die Berechnungen über einen Zeitraum von 1 Jahr wurden angestellt, um mit Ergebnissen von vorherigen Veröffentlichungen verglichen werden zu können. Im Hinblick auf lange Beleuchtungsphasen, z.B. 10 m über der Mondoberfläche, stellt sich Connecting Ridge mit einer totalen Beleuchtung von bis zu 95.66% über einen Zeitraum von 19 Jahren als idealer Landeplatz heraus. Kontinuierliche Beleuchtungsperioden von bis zu 262.42 Tage, bei einer maximalen Dunkelperiode von nur 3.17 Tage, machen diesen Landeplatz für Lander- oder Rovermissionen mit Solarpanelen äußerst attraktiv. Auch die Sichtbarkeit von den Landeplätzen zu zehn European Space Agency (ESA) Radiostationen auf der Erde werden untersucht, wodurch gezeigt werden konnte, dass selbst für Landeplätze auf der Rückseite des Mondes nur relativ kurze Perioden (ca. 2 Wochen) in Funklöchern überbrückt werden müssen.This work deals with the evaluation of current scientific data collected by National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) mission. Since June 2009 LRO has been continuously surveying the lunar surface with high precision. The main focus is placed on data retrieved by the LRO Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter (LOLA) but also images acquired by the LRO Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera (LROC), more specifically the Narrow Angle Camera (NAC), will be discussed briefly. Digital Terrain Models (DTMs) derived from laser data typically show artifacts, which in addition to common outliers, are clearly induced by positional inaccuracies between tracks. These artifacts, especially in high resolution DTMs, become a prominent feature. A co-registration algorithm is introduced, which was developed in the course of this work and corrects the relative position between single laser tracks. For this purpose a NAC DTM is co-registered with all intersecting LOLA tracks allowing for a precise adjustment of each individual laser track position. A standard deviation of ~20 cm in height residuals between LOLA and NAC profiles can be attained with this co-registration technique. Secondary data products such as slope and roughness maps are created on the basis of the resulting, adjusted LOLA DTM. Two independent methods for roughness calculations based on laser data are introduced, one method is based on standard deviation values of plane fits and the other method is based on the analysis of the laser pulse width. While the former method delivers reliable results on a local and global scale, the latter shows reasonable results on a global scale but needs to be carefully analyzed on a local, high-resolution scale. Various effects on the laser pulse measurement such as noise and thermal influence are addressed in this work but are not further investigated. A detailed description of illumination conditions at the lunar south pole is given, in particular of three possible landing sites. Two of these sites are located on the rim of Shackleton Crater and the third lies on a ridge connecting the de Gerlache and Shackleton craters, referred to as the Connecting Ridge. Illumination conditions at surface level, 2 m and 10 m above ground were simulated for a 1-year and a 19-year period. The 19-year time period was chosen to cover the lunar precessional cycle of 18.6 years and the 1-year period was chosen in accordance with previous studies. Connecting Ridge was found to be an ideal site concerning long illumination periods. For example, total illumination of up to 95.66% during the considered 19-year period is found 10 m above ground. This particular landing site has up to 262.42 continuous days of sunlight with a maximum of only 3.17 days of continuous darkness, making it an attractive location for future landing devices relying on solar power. Visibility of Earth from each considered landing site to ten European Space Agency (ESA) tracking stations was simulated, proving that even landing sites on the farside of the Moon only have to overcome short periods (about 2 weeks) in radio dead zones

Synthetic Routes to Crystalline Complex Metal Alkyl Carbonates and Hydroxycarbonates via Sol–Gel Chemistry—Perspectives for Advanced Materials in Catalysis

Metal alkoxides are easily available and versatile precursors for functional materials, such as solid catalysts. However, the poor solubility of metal alkoxides in organic solvents usually hinders their facile application in sol–gel processes and complicates access to complex carbonate or oxidic compounds after hydrolysis of the precursors. In our contribution we have therefore shown three different solubilization strategies for metal alkoxides, namely the derivatization, the hetero-metallization and CO2 insertion. The latter strategy leads to a stoichiometric insertion of CO2 into the metal–oxygen bond of the alkoxide and the subsequent formation of metal alkyl carbonates. These precursors can then be employed advantageously in sol–gel chemistry and, after controlled hydrolysis, result in chemically defined crystalline carbonates and hydroxycarbonates. Cu- and Zn-containing carbonates and hydroxycarbonates were used in an exemplary study for the synthesis of Cu/Zn-based bulk catalysts for methanol synthesis with a final comparable catalytic activity to commercial standard reference catalysts

Game laboratory studies

Prof. Dr. Jens Schröter ist Herausgeber der Reihe und die Herausgeber der einzelnen Hefte sind renommierte Wissenschaftler und -innen aus dem In- und Ausland.Um die Analyse von Computerspielen aus produktionsästhetischer Perspektive zu erproben, lehnt sich der vorliegende Band an die Akteur-Netzwerk-Theorie (ANT) an. Mit ihr geht es ihm um die Frage nach den Aktanten des Game Design – etwa: Welche Hard- und Softwarekomponenten kommen wann und wofür zum Einsatz; wie und mittels welcher Medien notieren Level-Designer ihre Ideen, und wie werden die Aufzeichnungen später von Programmierern implementiert; und welche Rolle spielt eigentlich eine Action-Figur auf dem Schreibtisch eines Textur-Artists

Дослідження структури порушених відкритою розробкою земель й пошук шляхів вдосконалення рекультивації залишкових виробок кар'єрів

Стаття присвячена дослідженням структури порушених земель, на ділянках з видобутку корисних копалин відкритим способом. Наведено площі порушень земель при розробці основних видів корисних копалин. Проаналізовано ризики, що виникають із несвоєчасною рекультивацією земель гірничого відводу, а також від покинутих гірничих виробок старих кар'єрів. Паралельно розглянуті обсяги відходів гірничого виробництва та їх повторне використання в якості заповнювача для залишкових вироблених просторів кар'єрів.The article is devoted to the research of land violation indicators at the extraction of minerals by surface mining method. Data gives about the land violations area at the mining key minerals. Ana-lyzed the risks from the not-on-time reclamation of the mining clam and abandoned excavations of the old quarries. In parallel considered the volumes of mining wastes and their reuse as aggregate for filling residual spaces of surface mines.Статья посвящена исследованиям площадей нарушения земель, связанных с добычей полезных ископаемых открытым способом. Приведены площади нарушений земель при разработке основных видов полезных ископаемых. Проанализированы риски, представляемые несвоевременной рекультивацией земель горного отвода, а также заброшенными горными выработками старых карьеров. Параллельно рассмотрены объемы отходов горного производства и их повторное использование в качестве заполнителя для остаточных выработанных пространств карьеров

Synthetic Routes to Crystalline Complex Metal Alkyl Carbonates and Hydroxycarbonates via Sol–Gel Chemistry—Perspectives for Advanced Materials in Catalysis

Metal alkoxides are easily available and versatile precursors for functional materials, such as solid catalysts. However, the poor solubility of metal alkoxides in organic solvents usually hinders their facile application in sol–gel processes and complicates access to complex carbonate or oxidic compounds after hydrolysis of the precursors. In our contribution we have therefore shown three different solubilization strategies for metal alkoxides, namely the derivatization, the hetero-metallization and CO2 insertion. The latter strategy leads to a stoichiometric insertion of CO2 into the metal–oxygen bond of the alkoxide and the subsequent formation of metal alkyl carbonates. These precursors can then be employed advantageously in sol–gel chemistry and, after controlled hydrolysis, result in chemically defined crystalline carbonates and hydroxycarbonates. Cu- and Zn-containing carbonates and hydroxycarbonates were used in an exemplary study for the synthesis of Cu/Zn-based bulk catalysts for methanol synthesis with a final comparable catalytic activity to commercial standard reference catalysts

PRG3 and PRG5 C-Termini: Important Players in Early Neuronal Differentiation

The functional importance of neuronal differentiation of the transmembrane proteins’ plasticity-related genes 3 (PRG3) and 5 (PRG5) has been shown. Although their sequence is closely related, they promote different morphological changes in neurons. PRG3 was shown to promote neuritogenesis in primary neurons; PRG5 contributes to spine induction in immature neurons and the regulation of spine density and morphology in mature neurons. Both exhibit intracellularly located C-termini of less than 50 amino acids. Varying C-termini suggested that these domains shape neuronal morphology differently. We generated mutant EGFP-fusion proteins in which the C-termini were either swapped between PRG3 and PRG5, deleted, or fused to another family member, plasticity-related gene 4 (PRG4), that was recently shown to be expressed in different brain regions. We subsequently analyzed the influence of overexpression in immature neurons. Our results point to a critical role of the PRG3 and PRG5 C-termini in shaping early neuronal morphology. However, the results suggest that the C-terminus alone might not be sufficient for promoting the morphological effects induced by PRG3 and PRG5

S2K Guideline for Diagnosis of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a severe and often fatal disease. Diagnosis of IPF requires considerable expertise and experience. Since the publication of the international IPF guideline in the year 2011 and the update 2018 several studies and technical advances have occurred, which made a new assessment of the diagnostic process mandatory. The goal of this guideline is to foster early, confident, and effective diagnosis of IPF. The guideline focusses on the typical clinical context of an IPF patient and provides tools to exclude known causes of interstitial lung disease including standardized questionnaires, serologic testing, and cellular analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage. High-resolution computed tomography remains crucial in the diagnostic workup. If it is necessary to obtain specimens for histology, transbronchial lung cryobiopsy is the primary approach, while surgical lung biopsy is reserved for patients who are fit for it and in whom a bronchoscopic diagnosis did not provide the information needed. After all, IPF is a diagnosis of exclusion and multidisciplinary discussion remains the golden standard of diagnosis

Diagnostics of autoimmune bullous diseases in German dermatology departments

van Beek N, Knuth-Rehr D, Altmeyer P, et al. Diagnostics of autoimmune bullous diseases in German dermatology departments. Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft. 2012;10(7):492-500.Background: No consistent data are available on the currently employed diagnostic tools for autoimmune bullous diseases in Germany. The aim of this survey was to describe currently performed diagnostic methods for bullous autoimmune diseases in German dermatology departments. Methods: A standardized questionnaire evaluated the available diagnostic methods i. e. direct immunofluorescence microscopy (IFM), indirect IFM, commercial ELISA systems, and non-commercial serological tests as well as the number of samples per year in all 34 university and 39 non-university dermatology departments. Results: The overall return rate was 89 %, 100 % and 79 % for the university and non-university departments, respectively. Direct IFM was the most frequently used method and was applied in 98 % of the responding departments. In 74 % of the responding departments, indirect IFM was used mainly on monkey esophagus and human salt-split skin. Commercial ELISA systems were employed in 58 % of the clinics; all of them used anti-desmoglein ELISA, while anti-BP180 and anti-BP230 ELISA were established in 49 % and 48 % of departments, respectively. Non-commercial analytic methods were only performed in 22 % of the departments. Conclusions: The high return rate of this survey allows a relatively precise description of the current diagnostic methods used in German dermatology departments. Standard diagnostic tests are available nationwide and in bullous pemphigoid and pemphigus, the antigen-specific detection of autoantibodies is routinely performed in half of the departments. Rare disorders may be diagnosed by cooperation with some specialized centers